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Plants of Nachusa Grasslands

Native Plant Species
The preserve is home to over 700 native plant species. Our plant inventory includes not only the scientific and common names, but also a plant's coefficient of conservatism value. The nomenclature and coefficient of conservatism (C value) follow:  Wilhelm & Rericha 2016. Flora of Chicago. NA values are moss or liverworts, not included in Flora of Chicago. The coefficient of conservatism assigns each native species a number from 0 to 10. The coefficient of conservatism (C) expresses the confidence that a plant specimen was found in a remnant natural plant community, a “0” expressing no confidence and a “10” expressing total confidence.
​
Download a pdf of this webpage: Plants of Nachusa Inventory

​  *Federally Threatened Species
**Federally Endangered Species
​  †State Threatened Species
††State Endangered Species

Plants listed by common names
Common Name (Genus species)—Conservation coefficient
  • alfalfa (Medicago sativa) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • alkali bulrush (Bolboschoenus maritimus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • allegheny Juneberry (Amelanchier laevis) C=7
  • alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • American burnweed, pilewort (Erechtites hieraciifolius) C=0
  • American dragonhead (Dracocephalum parviflorum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • American elm (Ulmus americana) C=3
  • American gromwell (Lithospermum latifolium) C=10
  • American hazelnut (Corylus americana) C=5
  • American linden (Tilia americana​) C=5
  • American pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides) C=4
  • American sweet flag (Acorus americanus) C=9
  • American vetch (Vicia americana) C=4
  • American watermeal (Wolffia columbiana) C=5
  • amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • annual bluegrass (Poa annua) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • annual fleabane (Erigeron annuus) C=0
  • apple (Malus pumila) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium) C=9
  • arrow-leaved tear-thumb (Tracaulon sagittatum) C=7
  • arrow-leaved violet (Viola sagittata) C=5
  • arrow arum (Peltandra virginica) C=10
  • Asian autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • Aunt Lucy (Ellisia nyctelea) C=2
  • awl-fruited oval sedge (Carex tribuloides) C=7
  • Baileys dewberry (Rubus baileyanus) C=10
  • balsam ragwort (Packera paupercula) C=4
  • barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • beach wormwood (Artemisia campestris subsp. caudata) C=5
  • beak grass (Diarrhena obovata) C=10
  • bellwort (Uvularia grandiora) C=7
  • big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) C=5
  • bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • bird's foot violet (Viola pedata var. lineariloba) C=9
  • bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) C=5
  • black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta) C=1
  • black-seeded rice grass (Piptatherum racemosum) C=10
  • black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) C=7
  • black haw (Viburnum prunifolium) C=5
  • black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia​) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • black maple (Acer nigrum) C=5
  • black medic (Medicago lupulina) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • black mulberry (Morus cult. illinois everbearing) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • black nightshade (Solanum ptychanthum) C=0
  • black oak (Quercus velutina) C=5
  • black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis​) C=0
  • black snakeroot (Sanicula marilandica) C=5
  • black walnut (Juglans nigra) C=3
  • black willow (Salix nigra) C=5
  • bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia) C=7
  • bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) C=5
  • blue-fruited dogwood (Cornus obliqua) C=5
  • blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana) C=8
  • blue cohosh​ (Caulophyllum thalictroides) C=8
  • blue flag iris (Iris virginica shrevei) C=5
  • bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis) C=6
  • blue toadflax (Nuttallanthus canadensis) C=4
  • blue vervain (Verbena hastata) C=4
  • blunt-lobed grape fern (Sceptridium oneidense) C=5
  • blunt spikerush (Eleocharis obtusa) C=3
  • bog clearweed (Pilea fontana) C=7
  • bog goldenrod (Solidago uliginosa) C=10
  • bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula) C=5
  • box huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) C=9
  • boxelder (Acer negundo) C=0
  • boxwood knotweed (Polygonum buxiforme) C=0
  • bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum) C=5
  • bracted orchid (Coeloglossum viride) C=10
  • bristly aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum) C=8
  • bristly cat brier (Smilax hispida) C=4
  • bristly sedge (Carex comosa) C=5
  • broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia) C=5
  • broad-leaved panic grass (Dichanthelium latifolium) C= 8
  • broom oval sedge (Carex scoparia) C=5
  • brown-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia triloba) C=1
  • brown fox sedge (Carex vulpinoidea) C=2
  • buffalo bur (Solanum rostratum)  NON-NATIVE C=0
  • bulbous cress (Cardamine bulbosa) C=7
  • bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) NON-NATIVE  C=0
  • bur cucumber (Sicyos angulatus) C=2
  • bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) C=5
  • bushy pinweed (Lechea stricta)  C=10
  • butter and eggs (Linaria vulgaris) NON-NATIVE  C=0
  • butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa)  C=8
  • butternut (Juglans cinerea)  C=10
  • buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis)  C=5
  • calico aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)  C=4
  • Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa) NON-NATIVE  C=0
  • Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) C=1
  • Canada hawkweed (Hieracium umbellatum) C=8
  • Canada wild rye (Elymus canadensis) C=4
  • Canadian black snakeroot (Sanicula canadensis) C=5
  • Canadian germander (Teucrium canadense) C=3
  • Canadian milkvetch (Astragalus canadensis) C=8
  • Canadian rush (Juncus canadensis) C=5
  • Canadian St. Johnswort (Hypericum canadense) C=10
  • cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis)  C=7
  • Carolina anemone (Anemone caroliniana) C=10
  • Carolina cranesbill (Geranium carolinianum) C=1
  • carpet bugle (Ajuga reptans) NON-NATIVE  C=0
  • catnip (Nepeta cataria) NON-NATIVE  C=0
  • cheeses (Malva neglecta) NON-NATIVE  C=0
  • Chicago leek (Allium burdickii)  C=0
  • chicory (Cichorium intybus) NON-NATIVE  C=0
  • choke cherry (Prunus virginiana)  C=3
  • cinnamon willow-herb (Epilobium coloratum)  C=3
  • clammy false foxglove (Aureolaria pedicularia)  C=7
  • clammy ground cherry (Physalis heterophylla)  C=3
  • clammy hedge hyssop (Gratiola neglecta)  C=3
  • clammy weed (Polanisia dodecandra)  C=0
  • clearweed (Pilea pumila)  C=2
  • cliff fern (Woodsia obtusa)  C=10
  • climbing bittersweet (Celastrus scandens)  C=4
  • climbing false buckwheat (Fallopia scandens)  C=3
  • closed gentian (Gentiana andrewsii)  C=9
  • clustered black snakeroot (Sanicula odorata)  C=3
  • clustered broomrape †† (Orobanche fasciculata)  C=10
  • clustered poppy mallow (Callirhoe triangulata)  C=8
  • common arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)  C=3 
  • common beggar ticks (Bidens frondosa)  C=1
  • common blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium albidum)  C=6
  • common blue violet (Viola sororia)  C=3
  • ​common boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)  C=4
  • common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)  NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common bur reed (Sparganium eurycarpum)  C=5
  • common burdock (Arctium minus)  NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common carrion flower (Smilax lasioneura) C=5
  • common chickweed (Stellaria media​) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common cinquefoil (Potentilla simplex) C=3
  • common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium var. canadense) C=0
  • common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)  NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common day flower (Commelina communis)  NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common dewberry (Rubus flagellaris) C=5 
  • common dodder (Cuscuta gronovii) C=5 
  • common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) C=0
  • common flax (Linum usitatissimum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common fly honeysuckle (Lonicera x muendeniensis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common fox sedge (Carex stipata) C=4
  • common gaura (Gaura longiflora) C=2
  • common goats beard (Tragopogon pratensis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common grape hyacinth (Muscari botryoides) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common hop sedge (Carex lupulina) C=6
  • common ironweed (Vernonia fasciculata) C=8
  • common knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common lake sedge (Carex lacustris) C=5
  • common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) C=0
  • common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) C=5
  • common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common oak sedge (Carex pensylvanica) C=5
  • common panic grass (Dichanthelium implicatum) C=4
  • common partridge pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata) C= 4
  • common pepper cress (Lepidium virginicum) C=0
  • common plantain (Plantago major) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) C=0
  • common rockrose (Crocanthemum canadense) C=7
  • common sandbur (Cenchrus longispinus) C=0
  • common sow thistle (Sonchus uliginosus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common speedwell (Veronica ocinalis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis) C=3
  • common St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common stiff sedge (Carex tetanica) C=7
  • common tussock sedge (Carex stricta) C=5
  • common Venus looking glass (Triodanis perfoliata) C=1
  • common water horehound (Lycopus americanus) C=4
  • common water plantain (Alisma subcordatum) C=3
  • common watercress (Nasturtium ocinale) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • common whitlow cress (Draba reptans) C=4
  • common wood reed (Cinna arundinacea) C=5
  • common wood sedge (Carex blanda) C=1
  • common wood sorrel (Oxalis dillenii) C=0
  • common yarrow (Achillea millefolium) C=0
  • common yellow lake sedge (Carex utriculata) C=8
  • common yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • compass plant (Silphium laciniatum) C=5
  • copper-shouldered oval sedge (Carex bicknellii)—C=8
  • coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • corn speedwell Veronica arvensis NON-NATIVE C=0
  • cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum) C=5
  • cow vetch (Vicia cracca) C=0
  • cowbane (Oxypolis rigidior) C=8
  • cream wild indigo (Baptisia bracteata) C=10
  • creeping charlie (Glechoma hederacea) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • creeping smartweed (Persicaria longiseta) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • crested oval sedge (Carex cristatella) C=4
  • crested wood fern (Dryopteris cristata)​ C=10
  • crown vetch (Securigera varia) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • Culver's root (Veronicastrum virginicum) C=8
  • cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) C=5
  • curly-styled wood sedge (Carex rosea) C=5
  • curly dock (Rumex crispus​) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • cut-leaved grape fern (Sceptridium dissectum) C=5
  • cylindrical blazing star (Liatris cylindracea) C=10
  • dahurian bush clover (Lespedeza davurica) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • daisy fleabane (Erigeron strigosus) C=5
  • dames rocket (Hesperis matronalis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • dark-scaled sedge (Carex buxbaumii) C=10
  • dark green rush (Scirpus atrovirens) C=4
  • Deam's rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium var. deamii) C=5
  • deptford pink (Dianthus armeria) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • dinky duckweed (Lemna minuta) C=5
  • ditch stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides) C=4
  • dog fennel (Anthemis cotula) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • dotted hawthorn (Crataegus punctata) C=4
  • dovesfoot cranesbill (Geranium columbinum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • downy American hop (Humulus lupulus var. pubescens) C=3
  • downy chess (Bromus tectorum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • downy germander (Teucrium canadense var. occidentale) C=3
  • downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) C=​2
  • downy lens grass (Paspalum setaceum var. stramineum) C=​3
  • downy rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera pubescens) C=​10
  • downy sunflower (Helianthus mollis) C=​9
  • downy yellow painted cup †† (Castilleja sessiliflora) C=​10
  • Drummond's aster (Symphyotrichum drummondii) C=​3
  • Dudley's rush (Juncus dudleyi) C=​2
  • Dutchman's breeches (Dicentra cucullaria) C=​7
  • dwarf dandelion (Krigia virginica) C=4
  • dwarf plantain (Plantago virginica) C=0
  • early buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis​) C=6
  • early figwort (Scrophularia lanceolata) C=4
  • early goldenrod (Solidago juncea) C=3
  • early horse gentian (Triosteum aurantiacum) C=5
  • early low blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) C=6
  • early oak sedge (Carex umbellata) C=7
  • early wild rose (Rosa blanda) C=4
  • eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) C=0
  • eastern juneberry (Amelanchier arborea) C=8
  • eastern miterwort (Mitella diphylla) C=10
  • eastern prairie fringed orchid * †† (Platanthera leucophaea) C=10
  • eastern prickly pear (Opuntia cespitosa) C=4
  • eastern sand sedge (Cyperus liculmis) C=5
  • eastern tall anemone (Anemone virginiana) C=5
  • ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron) C=3
  • elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) C=4
  • elm-leaved goldenrod (Solidago ulmifolia) C=5
  • enchanter's nightshade (Circaea canadensis) C=3
  • English plantain (Plantago lanceolata) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • expressway sedge (Carex praegracilis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • fall witch grass (Leptoloma cognata) C=1
  • false aster (Boltonia asteroides) C=8
  • false boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa) C=6
  • false dandelion (Krigia biflora) C=9
  • false mermaid (Floerkea proserpinacoides) C=7​
  • false pennyroyal (Isanthus brachiatus) C=7
  • false sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides) C=7
  • false toadflax (Comandra umbellata) C=9
  • fame flower (Phemeranthus rugospermus) C=10
  • feathery false Solomon's seal (Smilacina racemosa) C=5
  • fen betony (Pedicularis lanceolata) C=10
  • fen loosestrife (Lysimachia quadriflora) C=10
  • fen thistle (Cirsium muticum)  C=9
  • fescue oval sedge (Carex festucacea) C=9
  • field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) C=0
  • field milkwort (Polygala sanguinea) C=4
  • field oval sedge (Carex molesta) C=2
  • field sorrel (Rumex acetosella) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • field thistle (Cirsium arvense) NON-NATIVE C=0​
  • fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) C=6
  • flat-topped aster (Doellingeria umbellata) C=8
  • flax-leaved aster (Ionactis linariifolia) C=10
  • floating manna grass (Glyceria septentrionalis) C=8
  • florists wood fern (Dryopteris intermedia) C=9
  • flower-of-an-hour (Hibiscus trionum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata) C=4
  • forked aster † (Eurybia furcata) C=10
  • four-angled cat brier (Smilax rotundifolia) C=5
  • foxglove beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis) C=4
  • fragrant sumac  (Rhus aromatica) C=9
  • fringed brome (Bromus ciliatus) C=10
  • fringed gentian (Gentianopsis crinita) C=9
  • fringed loosestrife (Lysimachia ciliata) C=7
  • fringed puccoon (Lithospermum incisum) C=10
  • frosted hawthorn (Crataegus pruinosa) C=5
  • garden ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • giant foxtail (Setaria faberi​) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) C=0
  • ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) C=10
  • glade mallow (Napaea dioica) C=4
  • goat's rue (Tephrosia virginiana) C=8
  • golden-seeded spikerush (Eleocharis elliptica) C=10​
  • golden Alexanders (Zizia aurea) C=5
  • grandpa hawkweed (Hieracium longipilum) C=7​
  • grass-leaved rush (Juncus marginatus) C=9
  • grass of parnassus (Parnassia glauca) C=10
  • grass sedge (Carex jamesii) C=5
  • gray dogwood (Cornus racemosa) C=1​
  • great angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) C=7
  • great blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica) C=4
  • great bulrush (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani) C=3
  • great chickweed †† (Stellaria pubera) C=10
  • great Indian plantain (Arnoglossum reniforme) C=10
  • great plains lady's tresses (Spiranthes magnicamporum) C=8
  • great St. Johns wort (Hypericum ascyron) C=10
  • great water dock (Rumex orbiculatus) C=8
  • great white lettuce (Prenanthes crepidinea) C=9
  • green ash (Fraxinus lanceolata) C=1
  • green dragon (Arisaema dracontium) C=6
  • green duckweed (Lemna minor) C=5
  • green fowl manna grass (Glyceria striata) C=4
  • green foxtail (Setaria viridis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • green twayblade (Liparis loeselii) C=4
  • Greene's rush (Juncus greenei) C=8
  • grooved yellow flax (Linum sulcatum) C=10
  • ground nut (Apios americana) C=5
  • gum plant (Grindelia squarrosa) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • hair sedge (Bulbostylis capillaris) C=3
  • hairy aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum) C=0
  • hairy beard tongue (Penstemon hirsutus) C=9
  • hairy dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) C=6
  • hairy-fruited lake sedge (Carex trichocarpa) C=5​
  • hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) C=5
  • hairy grass-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia nuttallii) C=3
  • hairy ground cherry (Physalis pubescens) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • hairy hawkweed (Hieracium gronovii) C=8
  • hairy lens grass (Paspalum setaceum var. muehlenbergii) C=3
  • hairy mayflower (Maianthemum canadense var. interius) C=7
  • hairy pinweed (Lechea mucronata) C=7
  • hairy puccoon (Lithospermum croceum) C=8
  • hairy sweet Cicely (Osmorhiza claytonii) C=4
  • hairy white vervain (Verbena urticifolia) C=2
  • hairy wild licorice (Galium circaezans var. hypomalacum) C=5
  • hairy wood sedge (Carex hirtifolia) C=5
  • Halberd-leaved rose mallow (Hibiscus laevis) C=7
  • hard-stemmed bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus) C=5
  • heart-leaved burhead (Echinodorus berteroi var. lanceolatus) C=4
  • heart-leaved meadow parsnip (Zizia aptera) C=10
  • heart-leaved skullcap (Scutellaria ovata) C=9
  • heart-leaved willow (Salix eriocephala) C=5
  • heath aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides) C=6
  • hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium) C=1
  • hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale​) NON-NATIVE C=0​
  • highbush blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) C=3
  • hills oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) C=4
  • Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillii) C=10
  • hispid sunflower (Helianthus hirsutus) C=7
  • hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • hoary puccoon (Lithospermum canescens) C=8
  • hoary vervain (Verbena stricta) C=4
  • homeless knotweed (Polygonum achoreum) C=0
  • honewort​ (Cryptotaenia canadensis) C=4
  • honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) C=1
  • hooded violet (Viola cucullata) C=9
  • hooked buttercup (Ranunculus recurvatus) C=5
  • hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) C=5
  • hop sand sedge (Cyperus lupulinus) C=4
  • horse mint (Monarda punctata) C=4
  • horse nettle (Solanum carolinense) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • horsetail (Equisetum arvense)  C=0
  • hounds tongue (Cynoglossum ocinale) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • Hungarian brome (Bromus inermis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • hybrid crack willow (Salix rubens) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • Illinois bundle flower (Desmanthus illinoensis) C=3
  • Illinois tick trefoil (Desmodium illinoense) C=9
  • Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) C=5
  • Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) C=5
  • indigo bush (Amorpha fruticosa) C=5
  • inland rush (Juncus interior) C=4
  • interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana) C=8
  • Iowa crab apple (Malus ioensis) C=4
  • ivy-leaved morning glory (Ipomea hederacea) NON-NATIVE C=0​
  • Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) C=5
  • Jacob's Ladder (Polemonium reptans) C=8
  • Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • Japanese chess (Bromus japonicus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) C=3
  • jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • June grass (Koeleria macrantha)  C=8
  • Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • kitten tails † (Besseya bullii) C=10
  • knee grass (Panicum dichotomiflorum) C=0
  • lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina) C=8
  • ​ladys thumb (Persicaria maculosa) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • lance-leaved violet (Viola lanceolata) C=7
  • large-flowered beardtongue †† (Penstemon grandiflorus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • large-fruited pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • late boneset (Eupatorium serotinum) C=0
  • late figwort (Scrophularia marilandica) C=4
  • late goldenrod (Solidago gigantea) C=4
  • late horse gentian  (Triosteum perfoliatum) C=4
  • lead plant (Amorpha  canescens) C=10
  • leafy bramble (Rubus frondosus) C=4
  • leafy satin grass (Muhlenbergia frondosa) C=2
  • leafy spurge (Euphorbia virgata) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • lesser marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides) C=9
  • lesser partridge pea (Chamaecrista nictitans) C=7
  • lions tail (Chaiturus marrubiastrum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) C=5
  • lobed blue violet (Viola subsinuata) C=5
  • long-awned bracted sedge (Carex gravida) C=​3
  • long-beaked sedge (Carex sprengelii) C=8
  • long-leaved bluets (Houstonia longifolia) C=10
  • long-leaved stitchwort (Stellaria longifolia) C=8
  • long-scaled nut sedge (Cyperus strigosus) C=1
  • long-scaled tussock sedge (Carex haydenii) C=5
  • long-stalked panic grass (Dichanthelium perlongum) C=10
  • loose-headed bracted sedge (Carex sparganioides) C=5
  • lopseed (Phyrma leptostachya) C=6
  • low juneberry (Amelanchier humilis) C=7
  • low mallow (Malva pusilla) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • lowland hog peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata var. comosa) C=5
  • mad-dog skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) C=4
  • maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum) C=10
  • maple-leaved goosefoot (Chenopodium simplex) C=4
  • marijuana (Cannabis sativa) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • marsh bluegrass (Poa palustris) C=7
  • marsh cress (Rorippa palustris var. fernaldiana) C=2
  • marsh fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus) C=4
  • marsh hedge nettle (Stachys hispida) C=5
  • marsh marigold (Caltha palustris) C=8
  • marsh purslane (Ludwigia palustris var. americana) C=3
  • marsh shield fern (Thelypteris palustris)​ C=7
  • marsh St. Johnswort (Triadenum fraseri) C=​8
  • marsh vetchling (Lathyrus palustris) C=8
  • marsh wild timothy (Muhlenbergia glomerata) C=10
  • Maryland senna (Senna marilandica) C=9
  • Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) C=4​​
  • meadow anemone (Anemone canadensis) C=4
Common Name (Genus species)—Conservation coefficient
  • meadow willow (Salix petiolaris) C=7
  • meadowsweet (Spiraea alba) C=5
  • Mead's stiff sedge  (Carex meadii) C=10
  • Michigan lily (Lilium michiganense) C=8
  • Missouri goldenrod (Solidago missouriensis) C=9
  • Missouri goosefoot (Chenopodium missouriense) C=1
  • Missouri wild gooseberry (Ribes missouriense) C=2​
  • monkey flower (Mimulus ringens) C=4
  • moonseed (Menispermum canadense) C=5
  • moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • mouse-ear chickweed (Cerastium fontanum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • mullein foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) C=8
  • multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora​) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • musk thistle (Carduus nutans) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • NA (Atrichum angustatum) NA
  • NA (Cladonia furcata) NA
  • NA (Lespedeza capitata X leptostachya) NON-NATIVE NA
  • NA (Leucobryum glucum) NON-NATIVE NA
  • NA (Ricciocarpos natans) NA
  • NA (Woodsia ilvensis) C=10
  • nannyberry (Viburnum lentago) C=4
  • narrow-leaved cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium) 
    C=10
  • narrow-leaved oval sedge (Carex tenera) C=8
  • narrow-leaved vervain (Verbena simplex) C=4
  • New England aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae) C=3
  • New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus) C=8
  • nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi) C=0
  • ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) C=5
  • nodding bur-marigold (Bidens cernua) C=3
  • nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata) C=5
  • nodding lady's tresses (Spiranthes cernua) C=4
  • nodding wild onion (Allium cernuum) C=7
  • northern bedstraw (Galium boreale) C=10
  • northern bog orchid (Platanthera aquilonis)​ C=10
  • northern bog violet (Viola nephrophylla) C=9
  • northern bugleweed (Lycopus uniflorus) C=4
  • northern cigar tree (Catalpa speciosa) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • northern rose mallow (Hibiscus palustris) C=7
  • northern slender ladys tresses (Spiranthes lacera) C=5​
  • obedient plant (Physostegia virginiana) C=4
  • Ohio Goldenrod (Oligoneuron ohioense) C=10
  • Ohio horse mint (Blephilia ciliata) C=7
  • old-eld balsam (Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium) C=2
  • old field goldenrod (Solidago nemoralis) C=3
  • old witch grass (Panicum capillare) C=0
  • Ontario aster (Symphyotrichum ontarionis) C=5
  • orange daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • orangegrass (Hypericum gentianoides) C=7
  • orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • osage orange (Maclura pomifera) NON-NATIVE C=0​
  • pale beard tongue (Penstemon pallidus) C=9
  • pale dock (Rumex altissimus) C=1
  • pale Indian plantain (Arnoglossum atriplicifolium)​ C=8
  • pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida) C=10
  • pale-spiked lobelia (Lobelia spicata) C=4
  • pale touch-me-not (Impatiens pallida) C=6
  • panicled tick trefoil (Desmodium paniculatum) C=6
  • pasqueflower (Pulsatilla patens subsp. multifida) C=10
  • pasture rose (Rosa carolina) C=5
  • pasture thistle (Cirsium discolor) C=3
  • path rush (Juncus tenuis) C=0
  • pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica) C=0
  • Pennsylvania bitter cress (Cardamine pensylvanica) C=5​
  • perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) C=9
  • pink milkwort †† (Polygala incarnata) C=10
  • pinweed rockrose (Crocanthemum bicknellii) C=8
  • plains golden aster (Heterotheca camporum) C=10​
  • plains oval sedge (Carex brevior) C=3
  • pointed leaf tick trefoil (Hylodesmum glutinosum) C=7
  • poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans​) C=2
  • poke milkweed (Asclepias exaltata) C=10
  • pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) C=0
  • polypody (Polypodium virginianum) C=10
  • poor joe (Plantago aristata) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • porcupine grass (Hesperostipa spartea) C=8
  • porcupine sedge (Carex hystericina) C=7
  • poverty oat grass (Danthonia spicata) C=3
  • prairie alum root (Heuchera richardsonii) C=10
  • prairie blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium campestre) C=10
  • prairie brome (Bromus kalmii) C=10
  • prairie bush clover * †† (Lespedeza leptostachya) C=10
  • prairie cinquefoil (Drymocallis arguta) C=10
  • prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) C=4
  • prairie coreopsis (Coreopsis palmata) C=10
  • prairie dock (Silphium terebinthaceum) C=5
  • prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) C=10
  • prairie false dandelion †† (Nothocalais cuspidata) C=10
  • prairie false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica var. drummondiana) C=6
  • prairie gayfeather (Liatris pycnostachya) C=8
  • prairie gentian (Gentiana purberulenta) C=10
  • prairie ground cherry (Physalis virginiana) C=4
  • prairie Indian plantain (Arnoglossum plantagineum) C=10
  • prairie lily (Lilium philadephicum var. andinum) C=10
  • prairie loosestrife (Lysimachia lanceolata) C=9
  • prairie milkweed (Asclepias sullivantii) C=8
  • prairie panic grass (Dichanthelium leibergii) C=10
  • prairie parsley (Polytaenia nuttallii) C=10
  • prairie petunia (Ruellia humilis) C=8
  • prairie ragwort (Packera plattensis) C=4
  • prairie smoke (Geum triflorum) C=10
  • prairie star sedge (Carex interior) C=​10
  • prairie sunflower (Helianthus pauciflorus) C=9
  • prairie trillium (Trillium recurvatum) C=5
  • prairie tussock sedge (Carex richardsonii) C=10
  • prairie violet (Viola pedatifida) C=9
  • prairie wedge grass (Sphenopholis obtusata) C=4
  • prairie willow (Salix humilis) C=6
  • prairie woolly sedge (Carex pellita) C=4
  • prickly ash (Zanthoxylum americanum) C=3
  • prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • prickly smartweed (Persicaria bungeana) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • prickly wild gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati) C=5
  • purple-sheathed graceful sedge (Carex gracillima) C=7
  • purple arrow feather (Aristida purpurascens) C=5
  • purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) C=10​
  • purple false foxglove (Agalinis purpurea) C=6
  • purple giant hyssop (Agastache scrophulariifolia) C=5
  • purple henbit (Lamium purpureum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • purple joe pye weed (Eutrochium purpureum) C=6
  • purple love grass (Eragrostis spectabilis) C=3
  • purple meadow rue (Thalictrum dasycarpum) C=6
  • purple milkweed (Asclepias purpurascens) C=8
  • purple milkwort (Polygala polygama var. obtusata) C=9
  • purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea) C=9
  • purple twayblade (Liparis liliifolia) C=4
  • purple-sheathed graceful sedge (Carex gracillima) C=7
  • purslane (Portulaca oleracea) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • purslane speedwell (Veronica peregrina) C=0
  • pussytoes (Antennaria plantaginifolia) C=4
  • pussy willow (Salix discolor) C=3
  • quack grass (Elytrigia repens) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) C=3
  • Queen Anne's lace (Daucus carota) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • queen of the prairie † (Filipendula rubra) C=10
  • ragged fringed orchid​ (Platanthera lacera) C=7
  • rattlebox (Crotalaria sagittatis) C=8
  • rattlesnake fern (Botrypus virginianus) C=5
  • rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium) C=9
  • red ash​ (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) C=4
  • red baneberry (Actaea rubra) C=10​
  • red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) C=0
  • red clover (Trifolium pratense) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • red oak (Quercus rubra) C=5
  • red orach (Atriplex rosea) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • red raspberry (Rubus strigosus) C=1
  • red-rooted spikerush (Eleocharis erythropoda) C=1
  • red-stalked plantain (Plantago rugelii) C=0
  • red sticks (Cornus sericea) C=5​
  • redtop (Agrostis gigantea) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • rice cut grass (Leersia oryzoides) C=3
  • Riddell's goldenrod (Oligoneuron riddellii) C=8
  • ​​riverbank dock (Rumex verticillatus) C=8
  • riverbank grape (Vitis riparia) C=1
  • riverbank sedge (Carex emoryi) C=5
  • riverbank wild rye (Elymus riparius) C=5
  • river bulrush (Bolboschoenus fluviatilis) C=3
  • Robin's plantain (Erigeron pulchellus) C=8
  • rope dodder (Cuscuta glomerata) C=7
  • rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium) C=5
  • rough blazing star (Liatris aspera) C=8
  • rough cinquefoil (Potentilla norvegica) C=0
  • rough clustered sedge (Carex cephaloidea) C=8
  • rough dropseed (Sporobolus compositus) C=0
  • rough hawkweed (Hieracium scabrum) C=7
  • rough marbleseed (Onosmodium molle) C=5
  • rough pennyroyal (Hedeoma hispida) C=2
  • rough prairie lettuce (Prenanthes aspera) C=10
  • round-fruited St. Johnswort (Hypericum sphaerocarpum) C=7
  • round-headed bush clover (Lespedeza capitata) C=4
  • royal catchfly †† (Silene regia) C=10
  • running prairie sedge (Carex sartwellii) C=8
  • running savanna sedge (Carex siccata) C=7
  • Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • rusty sweetbrier (Rosa rubiginosa) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • sand bracted sedge (Carex muehlenbergii) C=4
  • sand clubmoss (Selaginella rupestris) C=10
  • sand coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata) C=8
  • sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus) C=3
  • sand evening primrose (Oenothera clelandii) C=5
  • sand goats beard (Tragopogon dubius) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • sand milkweed, clasping milkweed (Asclepias amplexicaulis) C=4
  • sand phlox (Phlox bifida) C=8
  • sand prairie phlox (Phlox pilosa) C=8
  • sand St. Johnswort (Hypericum majus) C=5
  • sandbar willow (Salix interior) C=2
  • savanna blazing star (Liatris scariosa var. nieuwlandii) C=9
  • Sawtooth Sunflower (Helianthus grosseserratus) C=4
  • scarlet hawthorn (Crataegus coccinea) C=5​
  • scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) C=5
  • Scribner's panic grass (Dichanthelium scribnerianum) C=4
  • seed box (Ludwigia alternifolia) C=6
  • sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis) C=5
  • sericea (Lespedeza cuneata) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) C=5
  • sharp-lobed hepatica (Hepatica acutiloba) C=8
  • shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • shining aster (Symphyotrichum firmum) C=7
  • shining bedstraw (Galium concinnum) C=7
  • shining cockspur hawthorn (Crataegus crus-galli) C=3
  • shooting star (Dodecatheon meadia) C=6
  • short-awned wood grass (Brachyelytrum erectum) C=9
  • short-headed bracted sedge (Carex cephalophora) C=5
  • short green milkweed (Asclepias viridiflora) C=10
  • short's aster (Symphyotrichum shortii) C=7
  • showy blue lettuce (Mulgedium pulchellum) C=0
  • showy fly honeysuckle (Lonicera x bella) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • showy goldenrod (Solidago speciosa) C=8
  • showy orchid (Galearis spectabilis) C=10
  • showy tick trefoil (Desmodium canadense) C=4
  • Siberian cranesbill (Geranium sibiricum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • sicklepod (Boechera canadensis) C=10​
  • side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) C=8
  • sidewalk knotweed (Polygonum arenastrum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • silky aster (Symphyotrichum sericeum) C=10
  • silky wild rye (Elymus villosus) C=5
  • silver maple (Acer saccharinum) C=1
  • silvery cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • six-weeks fescue (Vulpia octoflora) C=1
  • skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) C=8
  • sky-blue aster (Symphyotrichum oolentangiense) C=8
  • sleepy catchfly (Silene antirrhina) C=1
  • slender bush clover (Lespedeza virginica) C=7
  • slender false foxglove (Agalinis tenuifolia) C=3
  • slender-leaved pinweed (Lechea tenuifolia) C=10
  • slender mountain mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium) C=7
  • slender wedge grass (Sphenopholis intermedia) C=3
  • slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) C=4
  • small-flowered buttercup (Ranunculus abortivus​) C=1
  • small-seeded fox sedge (Carex annectens var. xanthocarpa) C=3
  • small pinweed (Lechea minor) C=8
  • small skullcap (Scutellaria parvula) C=8
  • small wild bean (Strophostyles leiosperma) C=6
  • smooth bank cress (Boechera laevigata) C=8
  • smooth blue aster (Symphyotrichum laeve) C=9
  • smooth clustered sedge (Carex aggregata) C=4
  • smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • smooth grass-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia) C=4
  • smooth indian hemp (Apocynum sibiricum) C=2
  • smooth meadow rue (Thalictrum dasycarpum var. hypoglaucum​) C=6
  • smooth panic grass (Dichanthelium lindheimeri) C=8
  • smooth scouring rush (Equisetum laevigatum) C=​3
  • smooth-sheathed fox sedge (Carex laevivaginata) C=9​
  • smooth Solomon's seal (Polygonatum biflorum) C=4
  • smooth sumac (Rhus glabra) C=1
  • smooth sweet cicely (Osmorhiza longistylis) C=5
  • smooth tick trefoil (Desmodium glabellum) C=10
  • smooth yellow violet (Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula) C=5
  • sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale) C=5
  • snowy campion (Silene nivea​) C=10
  • soapwort (Saponaria ocinalis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • soapwort Gentian (Gentiana saponaria) C=10
  • soft agrimony (Agrimonia pubescens) C=6
  • southern slender ladys tresses (Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis) C=5
  • soybean (Glycine max) NON-NATIVE C=0​
  • spinulose shield fern (Dryopteris carthusiana) C=8
  • spotted Joe-pye weed (Eutrochium maculatum) C=5
  • spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • spotted St. Johnswort (Hypericum punctatum) C=4
  • spotted touch-me-not (Impatiens capensis) C=4
  • spreading dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) C=5
  • spreading oval sedge (Carex normalis) C=5
  • spring beauty (Claytonia virginica) C=4
  • squirrel-tail barley (Hordeum jubatum) C=​0
  • star of bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • starry campion (Silene stellata) C=6
  • starry false Solomon's seal (Smilacina stellata) C=5
  • starved panic grass (Dichanthelium depauperatum) C=6
  • stickseed (Hackelia virginiana) C=1
  • stiff aster (Oligoneuron album) C=10
  • stiff gentian (Gentianella quinquefolia subsp. occidentalis) C=8
  • stiff goldenrod (Oligoneuron rigidum) C=3
  • stiff sandwort (Minuartia michauxii) C=10
  • stink grass (Eragrostis cilianensis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • stout blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium) C=5
  • straw-stemmed tickseed (Bidens comosa) C=3
  • streambank chervil (Chaerophyllum procumbens) C=5
  • sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • swamp agrimony (Agrimonia parviflora) C=4
  • swamp crowfoot (Ranunculus septentrionalis) C=5
  • swamp false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica) C=5
  • swamp goldenrod (Solidago patula) C=9
  • swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) C=3
  • swamp saxifrage (Micranthes pensylvanica) C=10
  • sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum) C=​5
  • sweet black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia subtomentosa) C=8
  • sweet grass (Hierochloe hirta)​ C=10
  • sweet Indian plantain (Hasteola suaveolens)​ C=10
  • sweet william phlox (Phlox maculata)​ C=10
  • switch grass (Panicum virgatum) C=3
  • sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) C=5
  • tailed wild ginger (Asarum canadense) C=10
  • tall agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala) C=2
  • tall beggars ticks (Bidens vulgata) C=0
  • tall bellflower (Campanulastrum americanum) C=4
  • tall boneset (Eupatorium altissimum) C=0
  • tall coreopsis (Coreopsis tripteris) C=5
  • tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • tall forked chickweed (Paronychia canadensis) C=7
  • tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) C=1
  • tall green milkweed (Asclepias hirtella) C=10
  • tall ground cherry (Physalis longifolia) C=0
  • tall horseweed (Conyza canadensis) C=​0
  • tall nettle (Urtica gracilis) C=1
  • tall scouring rush (Equisetum hyemale) C=​1
  • tall water parsnip (Sium suave)​ C=7
  • tall wood sorrel (Oxalis stricta) C=0
  • thimbleweed (Anemone cylindrica)​ C=8​
  • thinleaf sunflower (Helianthus decapetalus)​ C=8
  • three-seeded mercury (Acalypha rhomboidea)​ C=0
  • thyme-leaved speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • tickle grass (Agrostis hyemalis) C=3
  • timothy (Phleum pratense) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • toothed cress (Boechera dentata) C=8
  • toothed spurge (Euphorbia dentata) C=0
  • toothwort (Dentaria laciniata) C=5​
  • Torrey's Rush (Juncus torreyi) C=2
  • tower mustard (Turritis glabra) C=1
  • trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans) NON-NATIVE C=0​
  • tufted loosestrife (Lysimachia thrysiflora) C=8
  • tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum​) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • turtlehead (Chelone glabra) C=8
  • upland hog peanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata) C=5
  • upright carrion flower (Smilax ecirrhata​) C=5
  • velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • violet wood-sorrel (Oxalis violacea) C=​8
  • Virginia bluebells (Mertensia virginica) C=5
  • Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) C=4
  • Virginia waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) C=5
  • Virginia wild rye (Elymus virginicus) C=3
  • Virgin's bower (Clematis virginiana) C=4
  • viscid grass-leaved goldenrod (Euthamia gymnospermoides) C=4
  • wafer ash (Ptelea trifoliata) C=4
  • walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum) C=10
  • water hemlock (Cicuta maculata) C=6
  • water smartweed (Persicaria coccinea) C=4
  • water speedwell (Veronica catenata var. glandulosa) C=9
  • weak St. Johns wort (Hypericum mutilum) C=9
  • wedge-fruited oval sedge (Carex suberecta) C=8
  • western Canada violet (Viola canadensis var. rugulosa) C=10
  • western ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya) C=0
  • western sunflower (Helianthus occidentalis) C=10
  • wheat (Triticum aestivum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • white ash (Fraxinus americana) C=5
  • ​white avens (Geum canadense) C=1
  • white baneberry (Actaea pachypoda) C=8
  • white bedstraw (Galium album) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • white campion (Silene latifolia​) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • white clover (Trifolium repens​) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • white forget-me-not (Myosotis verna) C=1
  • white grass (Leersia virginica) C=5
  • white-haired panic grass (Dichanthelium pseudopubescens) C=5
  • white lettuce (Prenanthes alba) C=5
  • white oak (Quercus alba) C=5
  • white pine (Pinus strobus) C=10
  • white prairie clover (Dalea candida) C=10
  • white sage (Artemisia ludoviciana) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) C=3
  • white sweet clover (Melilotus albus) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • white trout lily (Erythronium albidum) C=5
  • white wild indigo (Baptisia lactea) C=8
  • whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia) C=10
  • whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata) C=1
  • whorled milkwort (Polygala verticillata var. isocycla) C=7
  • wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) C=4
  • wild black cherry (Prunus serotina) C=0
  • wild black currant (Ribes americanum​) C=4
  • wild columbine (Aquilegia canadensis) C=6
  • wild cucumber (Echinocystis lobata) C=4
  • wild four o'clock (Mirabilis nyctaginea) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • wild geranium (Geranium maculatum) C=5
  • wild golden glow (Rudbeckia laciniata) C=4
  • wild hyacinth (Camassia scilloides) C=7
  • wild leek (Allium tricoccum) C=9
  • wild lettuce (Lactuca canadensis) C=1
  • wild lupine (Lupinus perennis var. occidentalis) C=7
  • wild madder (Galium obtusum) C=​5
  • wild mint (Mentha canadensis) C=5
  • wild onion (Allium canadense) C=3
  • wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) NON-NATIVE C=0​
  • wild plum (Prunus americana) C=3
  • wild quinine (Parthenium integrifolium) C=8
  • wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) C=8
  • wild senna (Senna hebecarpa) C=9
  • wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) C=0
  • wild sweet potato​ (Ipomoea pandurata) C=4
  • wild velcro (Galium aparine) C=0
  • wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) C=5
  • willow aster (Symphyotrichum praealtum) C=7
  • winged loosestrife (Lythrum alatum) C=7
  • wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia) C=5
  • wiry knotweed (Polygonum tenue) C=5
  • wiry spikerush (Eleocharis verrucosa) C=​8
  • wood anemone (Anemone quinquefolia) C=7
  • wood betony (Pedicularis canadensis) C=9
  • wood gray sedge (Carex grisea) C=3
  • wood lettuce (Lactuca floridana) C=8
  • wood nettle (Laportea canadensis) C=5
  • wood sandwort (Moehringia lateriflora) C=8
  • wood satin grass (Muhlenbergia mexicana) C=5
  • wood self heal (Prunella vulgaris var. lanceolata) C=1
  • woodland brome (Bromus pubescens) C=​10
  • woodland fragile fern (Cystopteris protrusa) C=​8
  • woodland goosefoot (Chenopodium standleyanum) C=5
  • woodland phlox (Phlox divaricata) C=5
  • woodland sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus) C=5
  • woodland water pepper (Persicaria hydropiper) C=2
  • woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus) C=6
  • woolly cat's foot (Antennaria neglecta) C=3
  • woolly panic grass (Dichanthelium villosissimum) C=8
  • woolly plantain (Plantago patagonica) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • woundwort (Stachys pilosa) C=5
  • yellow avens (Geum aleppicum) C=3
  • yellow coneflower (Ratibida pinnata) C=4
  • yellow false foxglove (Aureolaria grandiflora var. pulchra) C=10
  • yellow field hawkweed (Hieracium caespitosum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • yellow foxtail (Setaria pumila) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • yellow giant hyssop (Agastache nepetoides) C=5
  • yellow honeysuckle (Lonicera reticulata) C=8
  • yellow hop clover (Trifolium aureum) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • yellow monkey flower (Mimulus glabratus jamesii) C=10
  • yellow pimpernel (Taenidia integerrima) C=10
  • yellow star grass (Hypoxis hirsuta) C=8
  • yellow sweet clover (Melilotus ocinalis) NON-NATIVE C=0
  • yellow water crowfoot (Ranunculus flabellaris​) C=5
  • yellowish gentian (Gentiana alba) C=9
​UPDATED 3/2021

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